Ngā āhua puoro — te hanga o tētahi waiata
E ono ngā ara hanga i runga i te rangi kotahi: te mea e tukurua ana, te mea e hoki mai ana, te mea e hoki rerekē mai ana — me te mea e tū ana i tētahi teitei oro kē.
He nui ake tētahi waiata i te rārangi oro. He hanga tōna: ka hoki mai tētahi mea, ka tū tētahi mea i waenga i ngā hokinga, ka hoki mai anō tētahi mea i te āhua rerekē. Ko tēnei hanga ka kīia ko te āhua, ā, koia hoki te take kāore te waiata e toru meneti e rangona ana anō he toru meneti tūpono noa.
I tēnei whārangi ka tū te rangi māmā kotahi e ono ngā wā, ā, i ia wā kua hangaia ki tētahi ara kē. Ko te mea e panoni ana kāore i roto i ngā oro engari kei tō rātou raupapa — ā, koia tonu ka taea te tatau.
He mea whao, he mea ine pono ngā pikitia: ko ngā reta i runga i ia wāhanga, ko ngā rārangi takirua i waenga i a rātou me te raupapa oro o ia wāhanga kei te pikitia me te oro, ā, ka taea te whakatakoto tahi.
Te ostinato
Kei raro ka rere tētahi tauira poto, ā, ka rere pērā tonu i ngā wā katoa. Kei runga ka anga whakamua te rangi i runga i tōna herekoretanga. Kāore te tauira e panoni, ka mutu noa — ā, i te wā e rere ana, ka mau i a ia ngā mea katoa kei runga. Ko te tangata e mōhio ana ki ngā tauira pēhi o ngā waiata o ēnei rā, kua mōhio ki te ostinato.
Te kanona
Ko te rangi kotahi e rua ngā wā, engari ehara i te mea tahi: ka tīmata tōmuri te reo tuarua, kātahi ka waiata i te mea kotahi, oro mai oro. Ko te mea e tangi tahi ana i reira, kāore tētahi i whakaaro motuhake ki a ia — ka whānau mai i te rangi kotahi e whakatangi ana i a ia anō.
Te āhua waiata
E toru ngā wāhanga, ā, ka hoki mai te tuatahi i te mutunga kāore e panoni. I waenga i a rātou ka tū tētahi atu mea, kia rangona pono ai te hokinga anō he hokinga. Ko te hanga tino māmā e rangona ana anō he mea katoa, nō reira ko te mea tino whakamahia.
Te rondo
Ka hoki mai te wāhanga kotahi i ngā wā maha, ā, i waenga i ōna putanga ka tū he mea hou i ia wā. Ko te mea e hoki mai ana ka pupuri i te waiata kia kotahi, ko te mea i waenga ka whakanekeneke. Ka nui haere te hokinga mai o te wāhanga, ka nui haere hoki te tatari a te kaiwhakarongo.
Kaupapa me te hurihanga
Ka tū te kaupapa i te tīmatanga i runga i te māmā. Kātahi ka hoki mai — kua whakapaipaitia, kua karapotia, kua whakatuwheratia ki ngā uara wā iti iho. Ka noho tonu ngā tino tohu, ki te kore kāore anō he kaupapa; he hou ngā mea katoa i waenga i a rātou. Nō reira ka kīia te wāhanga tuarua ko A me te tohu.
Te āhua sonata
E rua ngā kaupapa, ā, i te tīmatanga ka tū ki ngā teitei oro rerekē: ko te tuatahi i te teitei tūāpapa, ko te tuarua ki runga ake. I waenga ka mahia ngā mea e rua. I te mutunga ka hoki mai ngā mea e rua, ā, ināianei ka tū anō te tuarua i te teitei tūāpapa — ko tēnei taurite te tikanga katoa o tēnei āhua.
Ngā āhua e ono i te titiro kotahi
Ka whakaingoatia e ia rārangi te hanga, ka kī anō he aha te tohu e mōhiotia ai i te pikitia. Ka tū ngā rārangi reta pērā tonu i runga i ngā pikitia o tēnei whārangi; kua tataua, kāore i whakapaetia.
| Āhua | Hanga | He aha te tohu |
|---|---|---|
| Te ostinato | Kotahi te tauira, e rere tonu ana | Ka whakatangi te reo o raro i te raupapa oro kotahi e toru ngā wā |
| Te kanona | Kotahi te rangi, e rua ngā wā, kua nekehia | Ka tukuruatia e te reo tuarua te tuatahi e rua ngā taki i muri |
| Te āhua waiata | A B A | Ka rite te tangi o te wāhanga tuatahi me te tuatoru, oro mai oro |
| Te rondo | A B A C A | Ka tangi te wāhanga kotahi e toru ngā wā, kāore e panoni |
| Kaupapa me te hurihanga | A A′ | Ko ia oro tuawhā o te hurihanga he oro nō te kaupapa |
| Te āhua sonata | A B C A B | Ka tangi te kaupapa tuarua ki runga ake i te tīmatanga, ki te teitei tūāpapa i te mutunga |
Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi āhua
Ka whiwhi reta ngā wāhanga: ko te tuatahi ka kīia ko A, ko te mea e whai ake ana, he rerekē, ko B, ko te mea rerekē i muri ko C. Ka hoki mai ana tētahi wāhanga, ka riro anō tōna reta tawhito — nō reira ka pānuitia te āhua waiata ko A B A, ko te rondo ko A B A C A. Ki te hoki rerekē mai, ka whiwhi tohu anō kotahi.
I te tuhinga puoro ka wehe ngā rārangi takirua i ngā wāhanga, ā, i te mutunga ka tū tētahi rārangi whakamutunga mātotoru. Ehara tētahi o ēnei i te whakapaipai: e kī ana te rārangi takirua ka tīmata he mea hou ki konei, kāore te puoro e tū.
E rua o ngā mea e ono kāore e mau reta, nā te mea kāore ō rāua wāhanga. I te ostinato ka rere te tauira kotahi kāore e panoni, ā, i runga ka neke tētahi atu mea; i te kanona ka waiatahia e te reo tuarua te rangi kotahi, he tōmuri noa. Ko tō rāua hanga ka tū tētahi ki runga i tētahi, ehara i te whai i muri.
He aha kei te taha
Me pēhea te huri o ngā rārangi hei oro: Ako ki te pānui puoro. Ko te mea tino pūmau o ngā āhua katoa, me ngā hurihanga e ono o te kaupapa kotahi: Kaupapa whai. Me pēhea te tatau i tētahi wāhanga manawataki i mua i te tatau i te wāhanga katoa: Tohu wā.
Ngā tohu puoro · Ngā kupu puoro
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