Nā kadena

Ka kadena piha

I–IV–V–I · C – F – G – C · T–S–D–T

Tonika, subdominanta, dominanta, tonika — ke ʻano kumu e kūkulu ai i kekahi leo kī. Loaʻa i nā kāki nui ʻekolu i ka huipū ʻia nā leo ʻehiku a pau o ka papa leo.

Kadena ʻoiaʻiʻo (hemolele)

V–I · G – C · D–T

Mai ka dominanta a i ka tonika: ka pau ʻana e kani like me ke kiko piha. Kapa ʻia he hemolele ke kū nā kāki ʻelua ma ke kūlana kumu a pau ke mele ma ka leo kumu.

Kadena palakala

IV–I · F – C · S–T

Mai ka subdominanta a i ka tonika: kēlā »ʻāmene« ma ka hopena o nā hīmeni. ʻOi aku ka palupalu ma mua o ka kadena piha, no ka mea ʻaʻohe leo alakaʻi e huki ana i ka leo kumu.

Hapa kadena

I–V · C – G · T–D

Pau ma ka dominanta: he koma, ʻaʻole he kiko piha. Waiho hāmama ka ʻōlelo a kali ʻia ka hoʻomau.

Kadena hoʻopunipuni

V–vi · G – Am · D–Tp

ʻAʻole hoʻoholo ka dominanta i ka tonika akā i ka liʻiliʻi like: kali ka pepeiao i ka C nui a loaʻa ka A liʻiliʻi. Pēlā e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ai kekahi ʻōlelo.

Hapa kadena Perukia (ma ka A liʻiliʻi)

iv⁶–V · Dm/F – E · s–D

Ma ka liʻiliʻi: iho ka subdominanta ma ka huli mua i ka hapalua leo a i ka dominanta. Kani Perukia kēlā kīkoʻo ma ka leo haʻahaʻa — ka baroque a me ka flamenco.

Pehea e ʻike ai iā lākou

E hoʻolohe i ke kāki hope. He tonika ma ka hopena: kadena piha (mai ka dominanta) a i ʻole kadena palakala (mai ka subdominanta). He dominanta ma ka hopena: hapa kadena. He dominanta ʻaʻole e hele i ka tonika: kadena hoʻopunipuni.